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Radon Reduction Methods - A Homeowners Guide
ISU Extension Pub # - None, electronic file only
Author: EPA, State of Iowa, Dept of Public Health
Content reviewed: May 1995 by Dr. Tom Greiner
The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency strives to provide accurate, complete, and useful information. However, neither EPA, nor any other person contributing to as assisting in the preparation
of this booklet--nor any person acting on the behalf of any of these parties--makes any warranty, guarantee, or representation (express or implied) with respect to the usefulness or effectiveness
of any information, method, or process disclosed in this material or assumes any liability for the use of--or for damages arising from the use of--any information, methods, or process disclosed in this material.
EPA Study
The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is studying the effectiveness of various ways to reduce high concentrations of radon in houses. While our work is farm from complete, we have
gained some information which may be of immediate use to homeowners. We are publishing this booklet to share what we have learned with those whose radon problems demand prompt action.
The booklet describes methods that have been tested successfully--by EPA and/or other research groups--on houses with high indoor radon levels. The information presented here is
concerned primarily with radon which enters a house from the underlying soil. Additional information will be published as it becomes available.
Unique Problems
The first lesson to learn about radon reduction is this: No two houses are alike. Even houses that look the same have small differences in existing conditions that can affect radon entry and
the design and effectiveness of reduction techniques. Underlying soils also vary greatly, even among houses which sit close together. These differences will affect the results obtainable from
using the radon reduction methods described here.
General Information
This booklet is intended primarily for homeowners who already have had their homes tested for radon and have decided that they need
to take some action to reduce radon levels. If you are uncertain of the meaning of such test results, or if you need general information about radon in houses, read the EPA booklet, A
Citizen's Guide to Radon: What It Is And What To Do About It (OPA-86-004). To get a copy, contact your state radon program office (see list at the end of this booklet).
Performing screening an follow-up measurements prior to a decision to mitigate (this is, to reduce radon levels), is strongly encouraged. The results of follow-up measurements will enable the
homeowner to make a well-informed decision about health risks and the need for remedial action. As mitigation often entails spending a significant amount of money, follow-up measurements should be
reliable estimators of the actual maximum potential exposures of the occupants.
Using Contractors
Many radon remedies require the skilled services of a professional
contractor who is experienced in radon reduction procedures. (EPA and the states are currently working to increase the number of experienced contractors.) Due to the skills required, do-it-yourself
efforts are recommended only for homeowners with these special skills.
This booklet does not attempt to give the homeowners detailed instructions for corrective action. But, the information here should
help you make informed decisions on what type of remedy is needed, and may assist you in evaluating proposals from contractors.
We cannot overemphasize the importance of carefully selecting a
contractor and reviewing any proposal for radon reduction work at your house. Asking for business reference and checking with your local Better Business Bureau or Chamber of Commerce will help you
ensure that a contractor is reputable. Many states will provide lists of contractors doing radon mitigation work, and some states have certification programs for radon measurement and mitigation.
Getting a second opinion from another contractor or from one of your state's radiological health officials can help you decide if a proposal is reasonable. You should be certain to get a written
estimate of costs which stipulates the work to be done. Because radon reduction work is so new, most contractors will not guarantee a reduction in radon levels.
A few contractors may be willing to guarantee a radon concentration of less than 4 pCi/L (picocuries per liter); however, for a contractor to make this promise he should first thoroughly
evaluate the potential for radon reduction methods to work in your home.
Technical Information
Those homeowners who are confident they have the tools,
equipment, and skills to do the job themselves may want to read EPA's more detailed manual, Radon Reduction Techniques for Detached Houses: Technical Guidance (EPA/625/5-86/019). Single
copes can be obtained by writing:
U. S. EPA
Center for Environmental Research Information
26 West St. Clair Street
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
Methods
This booklet describes various methods which may reduce the level of radon in your house-either by preventing its entry or by replacing contaminated indoor air. Some of the methods are
simple, some are complex, and some are much more expensive than others.
The effectiveness of any one method will depend upon the unique characteristics of each house, the level of radon, the routes of
radon entry, and how thoroughly a job is done. No one can guarantee that these methods will work as they did in the test houses.
Sometimes a single method may be sufficient, but often--especially
where levels are high--several methods will need to be combined to achieve acceptable results.
Mitigation Follow-up
Once an action (or combination of actions) has been performed, it
is important that you have further testing done to determine the level to which radon has been reduced. Some states provide this service. If the radon levels have not been satisfactorily lowered,
additional mitigation steps may be taken, and the testing process repeated. All tests should be performed in exactly the same manner as the test which confirmed the high radon levels in your house.
Due to the many factors affecting the performance of any reduction technique, a trial-and-error approach often will be necessary to achieve lasting radon reductions. If short-term
testing indicates that radon has been reduced to an acceptable level, you may wish to test on a long-term basis.
Before Choosing a Radon Reduction Method
The selection of appropriate and cost-effective radon reduction techniques for a specific house depends on how well the source of the indoor radon problem is understood, how house characteristics
affect radon entry rates, and how candidate radon reduction systems influence the radon entry process. Definition of these factors is possible through a series of diagnostic observations and
measurements made before, during, and after radon reduction systems are installed.
Diagnostics begin with a house survey. This involves visual inspection to identify possible radon entry routes and any
construction features which could influence the design of later radon reduction techniques. Diagnostics should also include an evaluation of the ease of soil gas movement underneath the
concrete slab if sub-slab soil ventilation is a potential control option. If ventilation techniques are to be considered, the natural air infiltration rate also should be measured. The measurement of
radon levels in well water is a good way to learn whether water is an important contributor to the airborne radon level. Similarly, measuring gamma levels inside and outside the house can help
identify the possibility of building materials as a radon source.
As with radon reduction techniques, the skills needed to perform radon diagnostics are beyond the capabilities of most homeowners. Diagnostic methods are mentioned here only as supplemental information to assist homeowners when working with radon diagnosticians and mitigators.
New Construction
If you are planning to build a new home and are concerned about the potential for elevated indoor radon levels, you should consider measures to prevent radon entry into the house. It is typically
less expensive to build a home that resists radon entry than to reduce a radon problem after construction.
A recent EPA document, Radon Reduction in New Construction: An
Interim Guide (OPA-87-009), is available to assist home builders and others interested in potential radon prevention alternatives in new construction. The suggestions contained in this guide
represent current knowledge and experience gained primarily from radon reduction tests and demonstrations on existing houses.
Until some of these techniques have actually been applied during
the construction of new homes, the applicability, cost-effectiveness, radon-prevention effectiveness, and durability of the techniques cannot be fairly assessed. Ongoing
EPA-sponsored field testing of radon prevention techniques in new construction should provide a better evaluation of radon prevention alternatives. The results of these studies will be published in
future technical guidance documents.
Radon in Water
The potential concern with radon in water is the airborne radon released when water is used. The amount of radon that is given
off from water depends on the amount in the water initially. The amount given off will increase as the temperature of the water increases and as the surface area exposed to air increases.
In the home, activities and appliances that spray or agitate heated water (showers, dishwashers, and clothes washers) create the largest release of waterborne radon. However, the level of radon
in household water must be very high to significantly influence the overall level in the air within a house. As a rule of thumb, 10,000 pCi/L of radon in the incoming household water is equivalent to 1
pCi/L of radon in the indoor air.
In some areas, especially in the northeast and west, water from private wells or small community water systems can contain
sufficient radon to contribute significantly to elevated levels within a house. Water from large community water supplies releases most of its radon before it reaches individual houses.
Two techniques can be considered to remove radon from water. The first requires either spraying water into a contained air space, introducing air bubbles into the water, or storing water in a tank
until the radon has decayed. The second uses granular activated carbon (GAC) to remove radon from the water. The GAC method has been more widely tested and is more commonly used in
individual homes. Radiation buildup in the unit itself may cause exposure and disposal problems.
For more detailed information on radon in water wee the recent
EPA booklet, Removal of Radon From Household Water (OPA-87-011).
Air Cleaners
The radon reduction methods discussed in this booklet concentrate on methods of removing radon gas or preventing radon gas from
even entering the house. Since the radon health hazard is associated with the products of radon decay (which are chemically active), and not the radon itself (which is an inert gas), it is
appropriate to ask whether it is feasible to remove the radon decay products without removing the radon gas itself.
Air cleaners are devices which either filter or electrostatically
remove particles--such as dust or radon decay products--from the air. Air cleaners are commonly used to condition indoor air for a variety of health and comfort reasons, and there have been
attempts to market air cleaners to reduce radon decay products. At this time, EPA does not endorse the use of air cleaners as a method of reducing radon decay products in indoor air because this
technology has not been demonstrated to be effective in reducing the health risks associated with radon.
Although air cleaners will remove some of the radon decay
products, many questions remain concerning the relative health effects of the decay products that are not removed and the potential impacts of the undiminished source of radon decay
products. Until more is known, EPA believes that the available data do not warrant discontinuing the use of air cleaners already installed, nor can we suggest installing air cleaners to reduce your
risk of exposure to radon and its decay products.
Some people also ask whether the radon gas itself can be removed from the indoor air. While some limited research has been done on
using charcoal to filter the air, it appears that extremely large quantities of charcoal would be required. This is not yet a demonstrated or even clearly feasible approach.
Method: Natural Ventilation
How It Works
Replaces radon-laden indoor air with outdoor air and neutralizes pressure. This is most often achieved by opening windows.
Some natural ventilation occurs in every house as air is drawn through tiny cracks and openings by temperature and pressure differences between indoor and outdoor air. In the average
American house, outside air equal in volume to the inside air infiltrates about once every hour. In technical terms, this is called o.1 ach (air changes per hour). Newer houses, which are generally
"tighter" may have air exchange rates as low as 0.1 ach (one-tenth that of the average house). The rate in older houses on the other hand, may be more than twice the average (2.0 ach).
Cost
There are no installation costs unless devices must be purchased to hold windows or vents in an open position, or to detect or prevent unauthorized entry though these openings.
Use of natural ventilation in cold weather will increase your heating costs substantially. For example, if you were to increase the air exchange rate to eight times its normal level in your basement and
still maintain comfortable temperatures there, your annual house heating bill could be a much as three times greater than normal.
If you normally run an air conditioner in hot weather, your cooling
costs will be similarly greater.
Reductions
The opening of windows, doors, and vents is a very effective, universally applicable radon reduction technique that can be readily
implemented by the homeowner. If done properly, natural ventilation is consistently capable of high reductions, probably above 90 percent if a sufficient number of windows and vents is
opened. High reductions result because natural ventilation both reduces the flow of soil gas into the house, by neutralizing the pressure difference between indoor and out, and dilutes any radon
in the indoor air with outdoor air.
Limitations
The primary shortcoming of natural ventilation is that extreme weather makes this technique impractical year-round in most parts
of the country, due to discomfort and/or increased heating and cooling costs. Open windows can also compromise the security of the house.
Procedure
You should ventilate the lowest level of your house, where it is in direct contact with the primary source of radon; the soil. If you have a basement crawl space, that is the area to ventilate. (If
you ventilate your basement, you may find it more economical or comfortable to close it off and limit its use.) If your house sits on a concrete slab, then your only choice is to ventilate the living
area. Opening windows around all levels of your house (including the main living area) is recommended whenever outdoor conditions permit.
As noted earlier, radon is drawn into your house when the air
pressure in the basement or lowest level is less than the air pressure in the surrounding soil. Therefore, it is imperative that any ventilation system does not further reduce the air pressure
within your house and increase this "pull." To guard against this, be certain to open vents or windows equally on all sides of the house. Also, avoid the use of exhaust fans.
When ventilating unheated areas, be sure to take precautions to prevent pipes from freezing.
Forced Ventilation
How it Works
Replaces radon-laden indoor air with outdoor air and neutralizes
pressure if the fan is big enough. Uses fans to maintain a desired air exchange rate independent of weather conditions. (Much of the information in the preceding section on Natural Ventilation" is
applicable to "Forced Ventilation" as well.)
Rather than relying on natural air movement, forced air fans can be used to provide a controlled amount of forced ventilation. For
example, a fan could be installed to continuously blow fresh air into the house through the existing central forced-air heating, ducting, and supply registers with windows and doors remaining closed. Alternatively, fans could blow air into the house through protected intakes through the sides of the house, or could be mounted in windows. A fan could also be installed to blow outdoor air into a crawl space.
Cost
The installation costs for forced-air systems ranging from simple window fans to elaborate heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems will range from $25 to as much as $1,000.
The additional cost of electricity for forced-air systems will vary depending upon the size of the fans, the number of fans used, and the amount of use. A single window fan can have electricity costs
as low as $20 per year, while a central furnace fan may cost $275 a year to operate.
Use of forced ventilation throughout cold weather will substantially
increase your heating costs. As with natural ventilation, if you were to increase the air exchange rate to eight times its normal level in your basement while maintaining comfortable temperatures
there, your annual house heating bill could be as much as three times greater than normal.
If you normally have an air conditioner running in hot weather, your cooling costs will be similarly greater.
Reductions
As pointed out in the preceding section, "tight" houses with low air exchange rates are likely to benefit more from ventilation increases
than are houses with high exchange rates. In a typical house, to achieve a 90-percent reduction of radon you will probably need a 500 to 1,000 cfm (cubic feet per minute) fan.
Limitations
Forced ventilation, like natural ventilation, can be employed in most houses, but, in many cases, the trade-off in decreased comfort and/or excessive heating or cooling costs may prove unacceptable. This approach may be useful as an interim measure with very high radon levels.
Procedure
You should ventilate the lowest level of your house. (Closing off
and not using a basement may also be advisable.) Ventilating all levels is recommended whenever outdoor conditions permit. Air should be blow into the house and allowed to exit through windows
or vents on adjacent or opposite sides. In many homes, blowing air in through an existing central furnace is quite practical. The use of an exhaust fan to pull air out of the house may decease the
interior air pressure and draw more radon inside. The use of whole-house fans i not recommended because they typically operate in the exhaust mode.
Air distribution and ventilation rates can be controlled by the sizing and location of fans and the use of louvered air deflectors. EPA;s experience suggests that you should install two or three fans rated
at twice the air moving capacity calculated to be needed for the desired increased ventilation.
When ventilating unheated areas, be sure to take precautions to prevent pipes from freezing.
Heat Recovery Ventilation (HRV)
How it Works
Replaces radon-laden indoor air with outdoor air.
A device called a "heat recovery ventilator" (sometimes referred to
as an "air-to-air Heat exchanger") uses the heat in the air being exhausted to warm the incoming air. In an air-conditioned house in warm weather, the process is reversed: The air being exhausted is
used to cool the incoming air. This saves between 50 and 80 percent of the warmth (or coolness) that would be lost in an equivalent ventilation system without the device.
Installation
Ducted units are designed, installed, and balanced by experienced heating/ventilation/air conditioning contractors. Wall-mounted units are generally less complex, and can sometimes be installed
directly by the homeowner.
Cost
Installation costs (materials and labor) will range from $800 to $2,500 for ducted units and are roughly $400 for wall-mounted units.
The cost for electricity to operate on of the larger units with two 200-cfm fans is about $30 per year.
Using a heat recovery ventilator could save you 50 to 80 percent
of the increase in heating and cooling costs that would result from achieving a comparable amount of ventilation without heat recovery.
Reductions
A radon reduction of 50 to 75 percent can be achieved in houses of typical size and infiltration rate, assuming between 200 an 400 cfm of HRV capacity. Reductions can be greater in tight houses.
Reductions will vary throughout the house, depending on ducting configurations.
Limitations
The applicability of HRVs for radon reduction will likely be limited to
situations where only moderate reductions are needed and where winters are cold. If an HRV is intended to serve as a stand-alone measure to achieve 4pCi/L in a house of typical size and infiltration
rate, the initial radon in the house could be no greater than 10 to 15 pCi/L. Greater reductions can be achieve in tight houses.
Procedure
To simplify the necessary ducting runs to different parts of the house, the heat recovery ventilator unit, consisting of the core and fans, can be located in an inconspicuous part of the
house--such as an unfinished basement or utility room. Care must be taken to keep fresh air supply registers well-removed from return air withdrawal points, locating the radon-laden air returns in
the basement or lowest level. It is crucial that the flow-rates in the fresh air intake duct and the radon-laden air exhaust duct be balanced. If more air is exhausted than is brought in, the house
will become depressurized and even more radon may be drawn into the house. Be sure the balancing is done with no pressure difference between indoors and outdoors, since the unit will tend
to maintain any pressure difference that exists when it is balanced.
Heat recovery ventilators are usually cost-effective only if operated during cold weather or in hot weather if the indoor versus
outdoor temperature differences is large. At other times, the same amount of ventilation and radon removal can be achieved by simply opening windows.
Covering Exposed Earth
How It Works
Reduce the flow of radon into the house
Exposed earth-in basement cold-rooms, storage areas, drain areas, sumps, and the like, as well as in crawl spaces-if often a major entry point for radon.
Installation
Requires installation by competent, experienced contractors or highly skilled homeowners.
Cost
Covering or sealing small areas (and ventilating covered air spaces
as necessary) often costs under $100. Pouring a new slab would cost considerably more in a large unpaved area.
The annual cost for operating a fan would be about $30.
Reductions
Since radon can seep through any small opening, the degree of radon reduction achieved by sealing any particular area cannot be predicted. Effectively blocking a major entry point, however,
should result in some reductions of the overall radon level in you house. In houses with marginal radon problems, covering exposed earth, along with sealing cracks and openings, may be a sufficient remedy.
Covering exposed earth is also likely to enhance the effectiveness of most other radon reduction methods, such as block-wall ventilation and sub-slab suction.
Limitations
As a house settles and reacts to external and internal stresses, covered areas can open again. Therefore, periodic checking and maintenance are required.
Procedure
Any basement earthen floor should be excavated as necessary and a poured concrete floor installed. Before the concrete is poured, four inches of crushed stone should be placed over the earthen
floor to permit easy radon reduction by sub-slab suction if needed at a later date. All joints must be carefully sealed. When the covering encloses an air space, such as that around a sump pump,
a small fan should be installed to exhaust the air to the outside, preferably at roof level.
A crawl space connected to a basement an be covered, ventilated, and/or sealed off from the basement.
A crawl space not connected to a basement can be ventilated (as discussed in the section on natural ventilation), or the earthen floor can either be covered with a gas-proof liner (with passive
vents to the outside) or covered with concrete.
Sealing Cracks and Openings
How It Works
Reduces the flow of radon into the house.
Radon is a gas that can pass through any opening in a floor or wall which touches the soil. It can enter your house through: openings around utility pipes, joints between basement floors and walls
including perimeter (French) drains, other floor drains (especially those that discharge to dry wells), the holes in the top row of concrete blocks, and tiny cracks and openings (such as the pores
in concrete blocks). Sealing such cracks and openings is often an import preliminary step when other methods are used. For houses with marginal radon problems, sealing alone may be sufficient.
In some houses, certain areas will be difficult, if not impossible, to seal without significant expense. These include: the top of block walls, the space between block walls and exterior brick veneer, and
openings concealed by masonry fireplaces and chimneys.
Installation
Since effective sealing generally requires meticulous surface preparation and carefully controlled application of appropriate
substances, the work is often most effectively done by experienced and competent contractors or highly skilled homeowners.
Cost
Costs are highly variable. Do-it-yourself closure of accessible
major entry points can be low in cost. Putting traps in drains and covering sumps can be low to moderate in cost. Applying membranes and coatings can be expensive.
Reductions
When sealing is used alone, you should expect only low to moderate reductions in radon levels. If sealing is done thoroughly--and all exposed earth is covered--reductions may be
sufficient in some houses. Sealing is required for block-wall ventilation and some sub-slab suction systems to work effectively.
Limitations
It is very difficult to find all the cracks and openings in your house. This method may have effect on radon entry unless nearly all the entry points are sealed. Furthermore, settling of the house and
other stresses may create more cracks as time passes. Also, the openings in the top row of concrete blocks in a wall are often inaccessible or otherwise difficult to seal tightly. As a house
settles and reacts to external and internal stresses, old seals can deteriorate and new cracks can appear. The aging process ultimately ends the ability of sealants to block out soil gases.
Therefore, checking and maintenance are required at least yearly.
Procedure
If possible, the holes in the top row of concrete blocks in the basement walls should be sealed with mortar or urethane foam.
Seal wall and floor joints with flexible polyurethane membrane sealants.
Cracks and utility openings should be enlarged enough to allow filling with compatible, gas-proof, non-shrinking sealants.
A water trap should be installed in floor drains connecting to drainage or weeping-tile systems. Water traps allow water that collects on basement floors to drain away but greatly reduce or
entirely eliminate entry of soil gas, including radon. Water traps much be kept filled with water to be effective.
Perimeter drain (French drains) should be filled with a urethane
foam; however, some alternative plan for water drainage should be provided.
Porous walls (especially block walls) require the application of waterproof paint, cement, or epoxy to a carefully prepared surface.
Drain-Tile Suction
How It Works
Water is drained away from the foundation of some houses by perforated pipes called drain tiles. Drain tiles are rarely completely
filled with water. If these drain tiles form a partial or continuous loop around the house, they may be used to pull radon from the surrounding soil and vent it away from the house.
Installation
Normally requires installation and testing by competent, experienced professionals. Some homeowners, however, might be able to install a drain-tile suction system themselves (particularly
where work inside the house does not require removing concrete).
Cost
Installation costs (labor and materials) would be between $700 and $1.500 for an exterior drain system and between $800 and $2,500
for a system that drains into a sump. The actual cost will largely depend upon the amount and location of piping and the fan location. For simple exterior installation, the cost of materials (fan,
plastic piping, and some incidentals) should not exceed $300.
Operating costs should be roughly $30 per year for fan electricity and $100 per year for the heating penalty resulting from increased
house ventilation.
Reductions
In some houses, the installation of a drain-tile suction system has resulted in radon reductions of over 99 percent.
Limitation
The primary disadvantage of drain-tile suction is that many houses will not have complete drain-tile loops. Installation of drain tiles in houses that do not have them is sometimes not cost effective. If
some portion of the perimeter footing does not have drain tiles beside it or if the tiles are damaged or blocked, that portion of the perimeter might fail to be effectively treated. It is very difficult to
determine how extensive the drain tiles are around a house. If drain tiles are likely to form a large portion of a complete loop, the advantages of the drain-tile suction approach may make it more
cost-effective to try this approach first before attempting a more expensive technique.
Procedure
Water collected by drain tiles normally flows though a pipe to a
drainage area away from the house or into a sump. Radon can be pulled from the soil beneath a house by attaching an exhaust fan to the collection pipe or to the sealed sump (see page 9).
To prevent outside air from being drawn from the end of the collection pipe, a water-filled trap should be installed in the pipe beyond the point where the fan is attached. This trap (similar to
the trap beneath a kitchen sink) must be placed below the freeze line. The trap must be kept filled with water in order to be effective.
Sub-Slab Suction
How it Works
The lowest floor of most houses, other than those built over crawl spaces, consists of a concrete slab poured over the earth or on top of crushed rock (aggregate). Radon can be drawn from under
the slab and vented away from the house.
Installation
Installation of a sub-slab suction system is not an easy "do-it-yourself" job but some installations might be successfully
completed by homeowner with the necessary skills. A do-it-yourself installation might be most logically attempted when it is known that a good layer of aggregate underlies the slab.
Cost
Installation cost for a multiple-pipe, through-the-slab system would be about $900 to $2,500 if completed by a professional. Material costs for a fan, piping, and incidentals would be about $300. Typical operating costs would be roughly $30 per year for electricity and $100 per year for the heating penalty resulting from increased house ventilation.
Reductions
Installation of a sub-slab suction systems can reduce indoor radon levels by 80 to 99 percent. In many cases, reductions of 95 to 99+ percent have been achieved when good permeability exists beneath the slab.
Limitations
Sub-slab suction has been one of the most widely used and successful radon reduction techniques. It is most useful with foundations built on good aggregate or on highly permeable soil.
When permeability under the slab is not so good, sub-slab suction will often be applicable. If permeability is less than desirable, more suction pipes might be needed. Positioning of the suction pipe also
may become more important.
Sub-slab suction systems require both a fan capable of maintaining at least 0.5 to 1.0 inch pressure and closure of accessible openings in the slab.
Procedure
A fan is used to ventilate soil gas away from the foundation by means of individual pipes which are inserted into the region under the concrete slab. The pipes can be inserted vertically downward
through the slab from inside the house, as illustrated, or can be inserted horizontally through a foundation wall at a level beneath the slab. This latter approach is more practical for slabs poured
near the surface of the found. Pipes should exhaust at roof level, away from windows and vents that could permit the gas to re-enter the house.
Block-Wall Ventilation
How it Works
Draws radon from the spaces within concrete block walls before it can enter the house ("wall suction") or blows air into block walls so that radon is prevented from entering the walls ("wall
pressurization").
The concrete blocks used to construct many basement walls contain hollow spaces which are connected both horizontally and
vertically. Radon from the soil-which enters the wall through joints or tiny pores and cracks-can travel through these connected spaces and enter the basement through similar openings on the
interior side or through the openings in the top row of block.
Installation
Requires installation and testing by competent, experiences professionals or highly skilled homeowners.
Cost
The installation of a series of exhaust pipes in an unfinished basement would cost from $1,500 to $2,500. A baseboard collection system in a similar basement would cost about $2,000 or more to install.
Annual operating costs would typically be $30 to $60 for electricity and $200 to $400 for additional heating costs.
Reductions
Very effective (up to 99 percent radon reduction) in houses with
good closure and sealing of all major wall openings. In other houses, radon reduction will be significantly less.
Limitations
Applicable only to houses with hollow block basement walls. Block-wall suction may not be successful if you cannot seal the top walls, the space between the walls and any exterior brick veneer, and openings that could be concealed by masonry
fireplaces or chimneys. Noticeable cracks and openings should be sealed.
Block walls dividing the interior of a basement sometimes penetrate
the floor and touch the underlying soil. Exhaust pipes must be installed in all such walls.
Procedure
There are two basic approaches to block-wall ventilation.
Although this method can be used for any radon level, it is best suited to levels above 0.2 WL (40 pCi/L). The easiest approach is to insert one or two pipes into each wall and use fans to draw
radon out of the walls and vent it outdoors, or use fans to pressurize the walls to prevent radon entry. The other approach involved the installation of a sheet metal "baseboard" duct around
the perimeter of the basement. Holes are drilled behind the duct into the hollow spaces within the blocks. The second approach produces more uniform ventilation and may be more pleasing in appearance.
In houses which have channel drains cast in the concrete floor next to the block walls, the baseboard approach should work particularly well, since it would ventilate the drains as well as the walls.
For either wall-ventilation approach to work, all major holes (especially the tops of the blocks) must be sealed. As we pointed out previously, this might be difficult-if not impossible-to do in
certain places. (Both of the approaches are shown below in the "suction" mode.)
Pipes should exhaust at roof level away from windows and vents that could permit the gas to re-house.
Prevention of House Depressurization
How It Works
Reduces the amount of radon drawn into your house.
Some exhaust fans and combustion units (such as woodstoves and
fireplaces) can lower the air pressure in your house by consuming air and/or exhausting it to the outside. The lower the air pressure in your house, compared to that in the soil, the more radon-laden
air may be drawn inside from the underlying soil.
Installation
If exhaust fans must be used, slightly open windows near the fans. Likewise with windows near fireplaces, woodstoves, and other
combustion units. Doing so will facilitate the flow of make-up air from outdoors. Install a permanent system to supply outdoor air to household combustion units. For central, forced-air heating and
cooling systems, seal off any cold-air return registers that are located in the basement. This reduces leakage of basement air into ducts.
Close air-flow bypasses (openings through the floor between
stories) to inhibit air movement up through the house. Close openings through the house shell on upper levels to reduce air outflow from the house.
Note: Many combustion units are designed to accept outside air, but for many others a modification is not only illegal but may be unsafe. Gas furnaces are a prime example. In this case, directing
outdoor air to a point near the furnace or enclosing the furnace in a room that is vented outdoors are appropriate measures.
Cost
Some causes of depressurization can be eliminated by the
homeowner with little cost.
Installation costs for providing supplemental air will vary greatly depending upon the type and location of the combustion unit being
modified. For some, there may be a slight increase in operating cost due to the typically lower temperature of the air being heated.
Reductions
Because each situation is different, it is impossible to predict the reduction in radon levels that can be expected as a result of reducing sources of depressurization in a house. There have been
a number of individual applications where radon reduction has been significant.
Limitations
The effectiveness of depressurization reduction techniques for
lowering radon levels will be time-dependent. For example, a technique aimed at reducing depressurization by an exhaust fan or a fireplace could have a significant impact when the appliance is
being operated; however, the average annual effect will be lower if the appliance is operated for only a relatively small percentage of the year.
Procedure
Follow the procedures given under "Installation". When possible, avoid the use of exhaust fans or provide a route for outdoor air entry to compensate for exhausted house air.
Provide outdoor air in the vicinity of combustion units. Ductwork or piping can be run from any suitable exterior wall to the combustion unit. A manual or automatic damper should be placed in such
ductwork to prevent entry of cold air when the stove or furnace is not in operation. Screen the outside end of ductwork to bar pests and debris.
Ensure that windows on the downwind side of the house are
opened only when the windows on the upwind side are also open.
House Pressurization
How it works
Maintains that part of the house which is in contact with the soil
at a pressure higher than that of the air in the soil. This prevents soil gas--including radon--from entering the home. The most common application of this method is to blow upstairs air into the
basement; however, in some homes, blowing upstairs air into a crawl space may also be applicable.
Installation
Requires installation by competent, experienced contractor or a careful and skilled homeowner.
Cost
Varies depending upon the work required to tighten the basement shell. Installation cost typically would be comparable to a simple wall ventilation system ($1,500-$2500). Operating costs will
include the electricity to run the fan (about $30 to $40 per year) and the heating penalty resulting from increased infiltration upstairs caused by the fan (as much as $400 to $500 per year).
Reductions
Initial results from a few basement pressurization application indicate that radon reductions of 70 to 90 percent are possible.
Limitations
The application of this technique is strictly limited to houses with either basements or heated crawl spaces that are relatively tightly sealed from the living area. Care must be taken to prevent
back-drafting of upstairs combustion units. Also, the performance of the system could be complete negated if homeowners open basement doors or windows.
Some homeowners may object to fan noise and vibration if the fan is mounted in the floor of living areas. To overcome that problem, the fan may be mounted on the basement floor and ducted to the living area.
This is one of the least-tested techniques. Structural effects and reliability are not well known.
Procedure
Tighten shell between the basement or crawl space and the
upstairs and between the basement or crawl space and the outdoors. Blow upstairs air down in the basement or crawl space. If openings must be made in the upstairs floor, the openings should
have a reasonable cross-section to avoid suffering a severe energy penalty.
Comparison of Features
Method Installation Operating Maximum Comments
Cost Cost Possible
Reduction*
Natural ventil: Useful
Basement or Minimal High to Up to 90+% immediate
lowest floor very high step to reduce
high radon
levels
Crawl space Minimal Moderate Up to 90+%
Forced ventil: More controlled
Basement or Low to Very High Up to 90+% than natural
lowest floor moderate ventilation
Crawl Space Low to Moderate Up to 90+%
moderate
Heat recovery Air intake &
ventilation exhaust must be
Ducted Moderate Low to 50-75% equal.Also
to high moderate expect lower
radon reductions
for houses with
moderate to high
air exchange
rates
Wall mounted Low to Low to No data
moderate moderate available
Covering exposed Moderate Low Site Required to make
most earth to high specific other
methods work
Sealing cracks Minimal Nominal Site Required to make
most and openings to high specific other
methods work
Drain tile Moderate Low Up to 99+% Works best when
drain suction is
continuous unblocked,
loop.
Sub-slab High Low Up to 99+% Works best with
good suction aggregate
or highly
permeable soil under
slab.
Block-wall High Low Up to 99+% Applies to
block-wall ventilation basements. Sub-
slab suction may be
needed to supplement.
Prevention Low to Low Site May be required
to make of house moderate specific other
methods work. May depressurization
see seasonal impact.
House Moderate Moderate Up to 90% Most effective
when pressurization to high (limited basement is
tightly data) sealed.
*These represent generally the best reductions that a single method can accomplish. You may get higher or lower reductions depending on the unique characteristics of your house. It is likely
that reductions in your house will not be as great as those shown. Especially with high initial radon levels, several methods may have to be combined to achieve acceptable results.
Sources of Information
If you would like further information or explanation about any of the points mentioned in this booklet, you should contact your state radon program listed at the end of this booklet.
If you have difficulty obtaining needed information, you may call your EPA regional office listed below. The radiation program staff will be happy to provide you with assistance.
EPA Regional Offices
EPA Region 1 EPA Region 6 (8HWM-RP)
JFK Federal Building 999 18th Street
Boston, MA 02203 Dallas, TX 75202-2733
(617) 565-3234 (214) 655-7208
EPA Region 2 (AIR:RAD) EPA Region 7
26 Federal Plaza 726 Minnesota Avenue
New York, NY 10278 Kansas City, KS 66101
(212) 264-4418 (913) 236-2893
EPA Region 3 (3AH14) EPA Region 8 (8 HWM-RP)
841 Chestnut Street 999 18th Street
Philadelphia, PA 19107 One Denver Place, Suite 1300
(215) 597-4084 Denver, CO 80202-2413
(303) 293-1648
EPA Region 4
345 Courtland Street, N.E. EPA Region 9 (A-3)
Atlanta, GA 30365 215 Fremont Street
(404) 347-2904 San Francisco, CA 94105
(415) 974-8378
EPA Region 5 (5AR26)
230 South Dearborn Street EPA Region 10
Chicago, IL 60604 1200 Sixth Avenue
(312) 353-2205 Seattle, WA 98101
(206) 442-7660
Sources of Information
If you would like further information or explanation on any of the points mentioned in this booklet, you should contact your state radiation protection office.
If you have difficulty locating this office, you may call your EPA regional office listed below. They will be happy to provide you with the name, address, and telephone number for your appropriate
state contact.
Bureau of Radiological Health
Iowa Department of Public Health
Lucas State Office Building
Des Moines, Iowa 50319
(515) 281-7781 (515) 281-3478
EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Avenue
Kansas City, Kansas
(913) 236-2803
Contact your Iowa State University county extension office for additional information.
January 1989
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